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Atricle Dump - Competition Laws
The Origin of Franchises e failures, the incompetents, the inefficient, the fat and slow to respond. Competitors pressure one another to be more efficient, leaner and meaner. This is the very essence of capitalism. It is wrong to say that only the consumer benefits. If a firm improves itself, re-engineers its production processes, introduces new management techniques, modernizes - in order to fight the competition, it stands to reAccording to the Oxford Dictionary the origin of franchises, with respect to the etymology of the word, lies in the French ‘franche’ meaning free. However, the original use of the word in the English language referred to the granting to citizens a right to vote. It then became used in the sense of a company granting another the right to sell its products or services.The first recorded origins of franchising as we know it is that of eighteenth century English brewers allowing others to sell their products in public houses, or ale houses as they were known then, as long as the brewers’ names were shown with the ales. Not only was the sale of the products allowed, since prior to then each ale house would brew its own ale, but also the company name. Yes it was that long ago - franchising was first attempted over 200 years ago!This was extended in Germany in the 1840s when taverns were granted the exclusive rights to sell the products of certain breweries, and also to use the brewery name. It can be argued that this was the first true franchising since prior to that inns and taverns could not sell a brewer’s product by name unless it were their own. These rights were granted by the breweries and may even have been paid for by the taverns, which were guaranteed a regular supply of ale. The taverns got the ale and the breweries got the advertising.The first business to offer franchises in the United States was the Singer Sewing Machine Company in 1851 – yes, it was that long ago. Although the first effort was not successful, possibly due to an ignorance and distrust of this marketing technique, Isaac Singer sought a means of improving the distribution of his latest improved sewing machine models.He offered a written franchise agreement for $100 since he did not have the capital to manufacture large numbers of his machines and realized that purchasers would have to be trained how to use the machines. Although a few people tentatively tried it, it did not take off as a marketing technique. Isaac was well ahead of his time.John Pemberton used the method in his marketing of Coca Cola, this time more successfully, and other early examples at the beginning of the 20th century include Western Union, who offered franchises to individual telegraph operators and the start of automobile dealerships, where the dealers purchased franchises to sell specific makes of car with the stocking, supply and servicing of the dealerships being provided by the manufacturers.Howard Dearing Johnson was the first person to start restaurant franchising in 1935, and his franchise empire grew to 150 restaurants by 1941. He saw a need for curbside and freeway restaurants and realized that he could not finance the idea himself. He therefore sold franchises to finance his restaurant empire, offering the name, products and logo to be used in exchange for a fee. William Rosenberg, founder of Dunkin' Donuts, stated Johnson as his role model in the franchise industry.It was not until after the Second World War that franchising really took off in the United States. Petroleum companies offered distributor franchises to individual gas stations to sell their gas, and distributorships in the auto industry started to explode. It became evident that with rapidly increasing of automobiles to individuals that the companies themselves could not meet the need and that a network of franchises was required to cover the whole country. The gas companies came to the same conclusion with the fuel needed to run themThe capital for their retail outlets was provided by individual dealers and the oil companies offered franchise deals to stores and car mechanics round the country to open their own gas stations and garages.It was with the food services, however, that modern franchising as we know it today started to boom. This started in 1919 with self service restaurants, but did not explode until Ray Kroc purchased the McDonald’s franchise rights, and built one of the most successful companies in American history, and certainly the fastest growing franchise business.Ray Kroc’s model was copied by hundreds of A PSP Movie Is Fun For Everyone A. THE PHILOSOPHY OF COMPETITIONYou finally broke down and bought your teenager a PlayStation Portable (also known as PSP) for his birthday. There was a lot of coaxing and pleading from your teenager about all of the benefits of the PSP since it was much more than just a hand-held game system. You could also watch movies on it, but what exactly is a PSP movie?A PSP movie is just a regular old movie that has been formatted in a certain way. Sony, the manufacturer of the PSP system has been encouraging people to purchase special versions of movies that have been formatted in the Universal Media Disc (also known as UMD). The disks are about 3 inches by 3 inches in diameter and cost about the same or just slightly more than their DVD counterparts.You can have the excitement of seeing a movie any time and any where with the PSP system. It is now small enough to take anywhere and a vivid widescreen LCD making it perfect for movies and videos while you are on the go. And, you can watch full-length movies on a prerecorded UMD that has designed especially for the PSP. The UMD is a high-capacity storage system that is capable of delivering great graphics in a very small sized disk. There are currently more than 430 UMD movies that can be purchased.Sounds good, right? Probably yes, if you are looking for something to amuse your children on a long car trip or while they are waiting for medical appointments. The PSP movie can keep them occupied and quiet when you need them to be.If you are looking for a PSP movie for the family to watch, the answer is probably no. While a PSP movie is great to watch on the PSP player, you must remember that the screen is only a few inches wide. How many people really want to watch a movie on such a small screen? Actually, a lot of them do, especially since the system is so portable!The UMD version of PSP movies can not be played on a standard DVD player in the home, but if you have the 'know-how' you can connect your PSP to your DVD. The bad part is that if the PSP breaks or some day is no longer made, you are stuck with tiny UMD movies that can not be played on a regular DVD system.The PSP movie still has a long way to go to become a household name. However, if your goal is for a gift for your children, they will probably be absolutely thrilled with the PSP system and the ability to watch PSP movies any time and any where they go. So, if you want to make your children happy and for them to have the same up-to-date system that all of their friends have, consider giving them the PSP system and movies for their enjoyment.They will be happy, and everyone knows that an unhappy child can make everyone miserable. So, what are a few extra dollars going to mean when it comes to keeping your child happy with PSP movies. The aims of competition (anti-trust) laws are to ensure that consumers pay the lowest possible price (=the most efficient price) coupled with the highest quality of the goods and services which they consume. This, according to current economic theories, can be achieved only through effective competition. Competition not only reduces particular prices of specific goods and services - it also tends to have a deflationary effect by reducing the general price level. It pits consumers against producers, producers against other producers (in the battle to win the heart of consumers) and even consumers against consumers (for example in the healthcare sector in the USA). This everlasting conflict does the miracle of increasing quality with lower prices. Think about the vast improvement on both scores in electrical appliances. The VCR and PC of yesteryear cost thrice as much and provided one third the functions at one tenth the speed. Competition has innumerable advantages:
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