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Atricle Dump - Research & Development for Sustainable Long-Term Growth in Economies
When you are starting a new business in Florida, you can set it up under sole proprietorship, a cooperative, or as a corporation. If you go with incorporating, it is the process of forming a new corporation, which can be set up as a business, a non-profit organization, or a new government of a new city or town.Setting up your business as a corporation in Florida reaps several legal benefits.A corporation is separate from your personal assets, meaning in the event of a lawsuit or filing for bankruptcy, creditors cannot go after you and claim your personal assets as compensation for the debt of your corporation. Your stockholders, directors, and officers are also protected from being held liable for the debts and obligations of the corporation. The maximum amount you or the other investors can lose is the amount you invested in the company and nothing more.The corporation is also protected from the investor?s losses as well. In the event that a stockholder incurs debt or goes bankrupt, corporate properties cannot be seized as compensation. Only his shares can be used as compensation.In a corporation, your shares of ownership can be transferred to others either as a whole or partially. It is also easier for you to set up a retirement fund under a corporation.Under a corporation, your tax rate is lower than it would be fo
Decreasing marginal product capital (DPK) tells us that as each new machine is added to the system; it boosts productivity less than the previous machine until at one point the last machine added offers no boost in productivity. This line is the point of equilibrium for productivity beyond which we no longer have positive results. As long as the net investment is positive a company will continue to invest, but as soon as it crosses over the line of positive output growth, they will no longer invest.
PHYSICAL CAPITAL EQUILIBRIUM STATE
We can accumulate physical capital and thereby allow the worker to work more efficiently. Capital includes machiner
Warehousing is an arrangement for storing imported articles in the custom stores, without the payment of duties until the goods are taken out for use. If these articles are exported again, they are not charged with a duty. Ware housing involves the storing of goods in a warehouse or a customhouse store. It is occasionally needed and accessed to complement inbound and outbound transportation services. There are four different kinds of warehousing available, depending on the load. There are warehouses for finished goods, raw materials and for vendor- managed inventories.A warehouse is a commercial building, which acts as a storeroom for goods. Manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers, transport businesses and customs utilize these warehouses. These are huge buildings and are generally situated in the industrial townships. The warehouses are equipped with loading docks to load and unload trucks. Sometimes, the goods are loaded directly from railways, airports or seaports. The warehouses are equipped with cranes and forklifts to move the goods, which are generally placed on International Standard Organization's standard pallets.Some warehouses are fully automatic and they have no employees. The products and pallets are moved within the storehouse, with the help of automated conveyors, automated storage and retrieval machines. These ar
Economists like to use the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as an indicator for how well a country is doing. In order to make predictions regarding the future of countries and the industries that support the country it is essential to be able to evaluate just what makes the GDP vary so dramatically over time and across countries.
Over the past 130 years the output of countries has dramatically improved in a good portion of the world. Some countries have improved much better than others. Many studies have been done to determine what the factors are that influence the growth of the GDP. We will briefly touch on the major factors that have the most influence and then explain in a little more detail the important factors that have helped stable, mature industrial economies sustain long-term growth. After that we will discuss why the majority of these factors will not sustain continued growth in established economies and finally we will offer a solution for providing real sustained growth over the long term.
THE BUSINESS CYCLE
All businesses and economies, just like a stock market, have trends. There are also fluctuations to these trends over short term. These fluctuations above and below the output trend are known as business cycles. It is believed that over short-term analysis business cycles do affect output, however when one looks at the long-term, these cycles, or deviations from the trend (average), tend not to be as influential in the level of output as we would think. The long-term output tends to be the average of the peaks and troughs of the cycles of business.
FACTORS THAT GO INTO THE GDP (OUTPUT)
The GDP per capita is a function of the (hourly productivity) x (the average hours worked per person) x (the employment rate) x (the participation rate).
These three functions in the equation are all considered to be a part of LABOUR and thus can be simplified as such:
(the average hours worked per person)
(the employment rate)
(the participation rate)
Hourly Productivity is dependent on many different factors: the physical infrastructure in which the worker works (buildings and machinery); education, skills, technology level and efficiency of the worker and more.
We could further subdivide this "hourly productivity" into two more categories:
Physical Capital Stock (buildings and machinery), and "Other" (education, skills, technology level and efficiency, etc.).
In economics terms, this "other" is known as Total Factor Productivity (TFP).
Now if we look at the equation, we can see that GDP (output) is affected by Physical Capital, Labour, and TFP.
GDP = Capital x Labour x TFP.
DECREASING MARGINAL PRODUCT CAPITAL (DPK)
Decreasing marginal product capital (DPK) tells us that as each new machine is added to the system; it boosts productivity less than the previous machine until at one point the last machine added offers no boost in productivity. This line is the point of equilibrium for productivity beyond which we no longer have positive results. As long as the net investment is positive a company will continue to invest, but as soon as it crosses over the line of positive output growth, they will no longer invest.
PHYSICAL CAPITAL EQUILIBRIUM STATE
We can accumulate physical capital and thereby allow the worker to work more efficiently. Capital includes machinery
Companies that design, assemble, produce, and test electronic components and assemblies for original equipment manufacturers are known as electronic manufacturing services.The original equipment manufacturers, commonly termed as OEMs, retain the ownership of the said product designs and brand names. Electronic Manufacturing services sometimes branch out into contract electronic manufacturers, and specialize in rapid prototyping and product testing.Electronic manufacturing services offer large, small or medium production runs. The materials can be built from consignment, vendor-owned or customer supplied materials.Some electronic manufacturing services offer design services like conceptual product development advice, software, and mechanical and electrical design assistance.Various other electronic manufacturing services have testing abilities and can perform in-circuit, environmental, functional, analytical laboratory and agency compliance testing.They use several processes and manufacturing technologies. Some of them provide printed circuit boards, connected populated boards or assembly services into larger assemblies. Other products that can be made are flexible printed circuit boards, rigid boards and rigid-flexible circuit boards.Some vendors specialize in optoelectronics. They can assemble devices that wil
THE BUSINESS CYCLE
All businesses and economies, just like a stock market, have trends. There are also fluctuations to these trends over short term. These fluctuations above and below the output trend are known as business cycles. It is believed that over short-term analysis business cycles do affect output, however when one looks at the long-term, these cycles, or deviations from the trend (average), tend not to be as influential in the level of output as we would think. The long-term output tends to be the average of the peaks and troughs of the cycles of business.
FACTORS THAT GO INTO THE GDP (OUTPUT)
The GDP per capita is a function of the (hourly productivity) x (the average hours worked per person) x (the employment rate) x (the participation rate).
These three functions in the equation are all considered to be a part of LABOUR and thus can be simplified as such:
(the average hours worked per person)
(the employment rate)
(the participation rate)
Hourly Productivity is dependent on many different factors: the physical infrastructure in which the worker works (buildings and machinery); education, skills, technology level and efficiency of the worker and more.
We could further subdivide this "hourly productivity" into two more categories:
Physical Capital Stock (buildings and machinery), and "Other" (education, skills, technology level and efficiency, etc.).
In economics terms, this "other" is known as Total Factor Productivity (TFP).
Now if we look at the equation, we can see that GDP (output) is affected by Physical Capital, Labour, and TFP.
GDP = Capital x Labour x TFP.
DECREASING MARGINAL PRODUCT CAPITAL (DPK)
Decreasing marginal product capital (DPK) tells us that as each new machine is added to the system; it boosts productivity less than the previous machine until at one point the last machine added offers no boost in productivity. This line is the point of equilibrium for productivity beyond which we no longer have positive results. As long as the net investment is positive a company will continue to invest, but as soon as it crosses over the line of positive output growth, they will no longer invest.
PHYSICAL CAPITAL EQUILIBRIUM STATE
We can accumulate physical capital and thereby allow the worker to work more efficiently. Capital includes machiner
If you are considering going into business for yourself, it makes absolute sense to be as prepared as possible. Here is a checklist of things you need to consider.1. Living Funds – Unless you are one of the very lucky few, your business will not be profitable from the word go. Remember, it took even mighty Google a couple years to even find funding to make a serious effort at becoming an Internet giant. How much money do you have set aside for living expenses? Six months to a year is a good range if you will be working full time on your new business.2. Time – Running your own business can be incredibly rewarding. That being said, it is going to take a lot of your time. Do you have a family? Kids? Other time obligations? You can expect to spend 10 to 12 hours a day during the first year getting up and running, so make sure you have the wiggle room to handle it.3. Business Form – When starting out, you need to determine what form your business will take. Will it be a corporation, limited liability company or just a sole proprietor. The decision is primarily one of risk. The bigger the chance of getting sued, the more you should consider undertaking the expense of a corporation or limited liability company.4. Taxes – Uncle Sam wants and gets his money. Every business plan needs to account for tax issues. You might live in a sta
FACTORS THAT GO INTO THE GDP (OUTPUT)
The GDP per capita is a function of the (hourly productivity) x (the average hours worked per person) x (the employment rate) x (the participation rate).
These three functions in the equation are all considered to be a part of LABOUR and thus can be simplified as such:
(the average hours worked per person)
(the employment rate)
(the participation rate)
Hourly Productivity is dependent on many different factors: the physical infrastructure in which the worker works (buildings and machinery); education, skills, technology level and efficiency of the worker and more.
We could further subdivide this "hourly productivity" into two more categories:
Physical Capital Stock (buildings and machinery), and "Other" (education, skills, technology level and efficiency, etc.).
In economics terms, this "other" is known as Total Factor Productivity (TFP).
Now if we look at the equation, we can see that GDP (output) is affected by Physical Capital, Labour, and TFP.
GDP = Capital x Labour x TFP.
DECREASING MARGINAL PRODUCT CAPITAL (DPK)
Decreasing marginal product capital (DPK) tells us that as each new machine is added to the system; it boosts productivity less than the previous machine until at one point the last machine added offers no boost in productivity. This line is the point of equilibrium for productivity beyond which we no longer have positive results. As long as the net investment is positive a company will continue to invest, but as soon as it crosses over the line of positive output growth, they will no longer invest.
PHYSICAL CAPITAL EQUILIBRIUM STATE
We can accumulate physical capital and thereby allow the worker to work more efficiently. Capital includes machiner
Business Expense Reports are the records of all the expenses incurred by the employees, top level to supervisory level, during their business visits on behalf of the companies. For this purpose, the business organizations should have standard business expense report forms. Nowadays, most of the companies are implementing web-based expense report software like Expense Management Automation (EMA), which automates and quickens the submission, approval and reimbursement processes of the business expense reports.According to Aberdeen’s research group, EMA helps the business organization in reducing the time required for filling up the expense report by 60%, in decreasing the cost of processing a business expense report by 80% and also in cutting the time required for meeting the claim by 90%. This particular software is supplied by a large number of companies, namely Acceleron, PeopleSoft, SAP, Gelco, Oracle, etc. This software integrates all the processes starting from completing the expense report to receipt processing.It is true that the employees’ expenses during their business visits occupy a vital role in the total expenses of the business organizations after salaries. According to one survey conducted by a popular Boston-based research organization, it is reported that for every five dollars a company spends, one dollar will be towards
We could further subdivide this "hourly productivity" into two more categories:
Physical Capital Stock (buildings and machinery), and "Other" (education, skills, technology level and efficiency, etc.).
In economics terms, this "other" is known as Total Factor Productivity (TFP).
Now if we look at the equation, we can see that GDP (output) is affected by Physical Capital, Labour, and TFP.
GDP = Capital x Labour x TFP.
DECREASING MARGINAL PRODUCT CAPITAL (DPK)
Decreasing marginal product capital (DPK) tells us that as each new machine is added to the system; it boosts productivity less than the previous machine until at one point the last machine added offers no boost in productivity. This line is the point of equilibrium for productivity beyond which we no longer have positive results. As long as the net investment is positive a company will continue to invest, but as soon as it crosses over the line of positive output growth, they will no longer invest.
PHYSICAL CAPITAL EQUILIBRIUM STATE
We can accumulate physical capital and thereby allow the worker to work more efficiently. Capital includes machiner
Links are one of the most convenient features of the internet. The ability to go from website to website and land exactly at the information you are looking for is like opening a book and getting the page you need every time.If you can anticipate the information that your event participants need and point them directly to it, when they need it, you will get more registrations and make registering and attending your event more enjoyable and beneficial.Before we get to a list of links that you may want to use, keep in mind that you can over do it. Try to keep your registration form uncluttered by only adding links that will help during the actual registration process. The rest of the links should go in the confirmation email or on the event website where they can be accessed after the registration has been submitted.To get you started with some ideas, here is a list of fourteen links that you may want to consider using on websites, online forms and in confirmation emails.Maps Not everyone will know how to get to the venue, Google maps are easy and very convenient to use.Transportation If you anticipate that event participants will be using public transit, provide a link with transit options, schedules, fares, etc. Also considering providing links to taxis, limousine companies, etc.<
Decreasing marginal product capital (DPK) tells us that as each new machine is added to the system; it boosts productivity less than the previous machine until at one point the last machine added offers no boost in productivity. This line is the point of equilibrium for productivity beyond which we no longer have positive results. As long as the net investment is positive a company will continue to invest, but as soon as it crosses over the line of positive output growth, they will no longer invest.
PHYSICAL CAPITAL EQUILIBRIUM STATE
We can accumulate physical capital and thereby allow the worker to work more efficiently. Capital includes machinery and buildings in which to work. Usually there is a depreciation factor in these physical products therefore over time, their value works toward equilibrium, such that the input of capital equals exactly the same value as the depreciation. It is at this steady state point that capital ceases to provide increased growth output. All companies and industries eventually move toward this steady state position. If all companies achieve this steady state, as shown in Figure 4.12 on page 71 of our text, they will converge to the same position, and competitive advantage due to physical capital will no longer exist.
In order to continue growth beyond this point, industries must therefore focus either on labour or TFP. Since it is impossible to achieve a 0% unemployment rate, eventually companies will all move toward equilibrium as well in the use of labour.
LABOUR EQUILIBRIUM STATE
As work becomes busier, more people are employed. And increase in workers (labour) will increase the productivity of an industry. There comes a time, however, where, as the industry becomes more advanced, the labour factor can get saturated beyond the point of effectiveness and actually exceeds the optimum productivity. Further research has shown that as productivity increases, GDP increases and the standard of living also increases. The general incentive to make more money by working harder begins to be replaced by a desire to sacrifice more money for more private time. Because people are social creatures and not machines they value time away from work with friends and family. Because they make higher salaries, they trade off more money for more time knowing that they can now live the same lifestyle if they work less.
In so doing, the actual productivity of the labour force reaches an equilibrium point where it stops being beneficial to the industry, and levels off. Table 3.8 of our textbook (p48) confirms this assumption.
As industries become more advanced, the efficiency of the Labour unit tapers off.
Of course, the richer nations are able to invest more in capital and labour which allows them to have a higher level of (equilibrium) output in comparison to the developing nations who cannot invest as much and operate at a lower level of (equilibrium) output. We must also keep in mind though, that it is possible to over-invest in capital at the expense of spending and consumption which would negatively impact the economy.
UNRELIABLE CONTINUED IMPROVEMENT OF HUMAN CAPITAL
Human capital, "the skills and knowledge that accumulate in people, the labour force and society over time”, is another valuable asset for improving output. Even if companies have reached an equilibrium stage for investment in physical capit
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